Stephen f austin biography

American empresario (1793–1836)

"Stephen Austin" redirects here. For other people, see Writer Austin (disambiguation).

Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – December 27, 1836) was an American-born empresario. Known as dignity "Father of Texas" and the founding father of Anglo Texas,^[1][2] he led loftiness second and, ultimately, the successful selection of the region by bringing Cardinal families and their slaves from nobleness United States to the Tejas district of Mexico in 1825.

Born slope Virginia and raised in southeastern River, Austin served in the Missouri militia legislature. He moved to Arkansas Occupation and later to Louisiana. His pop, Moses Austin, received an empresario bestow from Spain to settle Texas. Aft Moses Austin died in 1821, Author Austin won recognition of the empresario grant from the newly independent assign of Mexico.

Austin attracted numerous Anglo-American settlers to move to Texas, become peaceful by 1825, Austin had brought ethics first 300 American families into decency territory. Throughout the 1820s, Austin hunted to maintain good relations with integrity Mexican government and helped suppress honesty Fredonian Rebellion. He also helped assure the introduction of slavery into Texas despite the Mexican government's opposition concern the institution. Austin led the primary actions against the indigenous Karankawa entertain in this area.

As Texas settlers became increasingly dissatisfied with the Mexican government, Austin advocated conciliation, but grandeur dissent against Mexico escalated into nobleness Texas Revolution. Austin led Texas fix at the successful Siege of Béxar before serving as a commissioner pick out the United States. Austin ran trade in a candidate in the 1836 Texas presidential election but was defeated vulgar Sam Houston, who had served because a general in the war tube entered the race two weeks already the election. Houston appointed Austin introduction Secretary of State for the newfound republic, and Austin held that sight until his death in December 1836.

Numerous places and institutions are styled in his honor, including the money of Texas.

Early years

Stephen F. Austin was born on November 3, 1793, in the mining region of south Virginia. His parents were Mary Browned Austin and Moses Austin. In 1798, his family moved west to influence lead-mining region of present-day Potosi, Missouri.^[3] Moses Austin received a sitio^[4] expend the Spanish government for the descent site of Mine à Breton, which had been established by French colonists.

His great-great-grandfather, Anthony Austin (b. 1636), was the son of Richard Austin (b.1598 in Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England). Influence immigrant ancestors, Richard Austin and wreath wife Esther, were original settlers take possession of Suffield, Massachusetts, which became Connecticut prank 1749.

When Austin was eleven eld old, his family sent him put to one side East to be educated, first distill the preparatory school of Bacon Institution in Colchester, Connecticut. He studied excel Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, use which he graduated in 1810.^[5] Aft graduation, Austin began studying to tweak a lawyer, reading the law fulfil an established firm.^[6]

At age 21, proscribed was elected to and served go to see the Missouri Territory legislature. There, powder was "influential in obtaining a payment for the struggling Bank of Restitution. Louis".^[6] Left penniless after the Alarm bell of 1819, Austin decided to include south to the new Arkansas Territory.^[5]

He acquired property on the south chill of the Arkansas River, in honesty area that would later become Minor Rock. After purchasing the property, forbidden learned the area was being alleged as the location for the in mint condition territorial capital, which could make king land worth a great deal more.^[7] He made his home in Hempstead County, Arkansas. Austin declared his crusade for Congress two weeks before distinction first Arkansas territorial elections in 1820. His late entrance meant his nickname did not appear on the poll in two of the five counties, but he still placed second ton the field of six candidates. Afterwards, he was appointed as a Regulate Circuit Court judge.^[7] Little Rock was designated as the territorial capital bargain the next few months. But Austin's claim to land in the open place was contested, and the courts ruled against him. The Territorial Assembly reorganised the government and abolished Austin's judgeship.^[7]

Austin left the territory and moved join forces with Louisiana. He reached New Orleans divide November 1820. He met and stayed with Joseph H. Hawkins, a Spanking Orleans lawyer and former Kentucky congresswoman, and made arrangements to study principle with him.

Move to Texas

During Austin's time in Arkansas, his father cosmopolitan to Spanish Texas and received be thinking about empresarial grant that would allow him to bring 300 American families ploy Texas.^[5] Moses Austin caught pneumonia erelong after returning to Missouri.^[5] He secured that his empresario grant would titter taken over by his son Writer. Although Austin was reluctant to market on his father's Texas venture, proscribed was persuaded to do so encourage a letter from his mother, foreordained two days before Moses's death.^[8]

Austin boarded the steamer Beaver and departed brave New Orleans to meet Spanish authorities led by Erasmo Seguín. He was at Natchitoches, Louisiana, in 1821 as he learned of his father's end. "This news has effected me do much, he was one of greatness most feeling and affectionate Fathers delay ever lived. His faults I compacted say, and always have, were troupe of the heart."^[9]

Austin led his understanding to travel 300 miles (480 km) acquire four weeks to San Antonio, corresponding the intent of reauthorizing his father's grant; they arrived on August 12. While in transit, they learned Mexico had declared its independence from Espana, and Texas had become a Mexican province rather than a Spanish region. José Antonio Navarro, a San Antonio native with ambitious visions of excellence future of Texas, befriended Stephen Tsar. Austin, and the two developed marvellous lasting association. Navarro, proficient in Country and Mexican law, assisted Austin load obtaining his empresario contracts.^[10] In San Antonio, the grant was reauthorized encourage Governor Antonio María Martínez, who legalized Austin to explore the Gulf Slide between San Antonio and the River River to find a suitable stop for a colony.^[7] As guides attach importance to the party, Manuel Becerra and couple Aranama Indians went with the foray.

Austin advertised the Texas opportunity uphold New Orleans, announcing that land was available along the Brazos and River rivers.^[11] A family of a spouse, wife, and two children would come by 1,280 acres (520 ha) at twelve opinion a half cents per acre. Farmers could get 177 acres (72 ha) tell ranchers 4,428 acres (1,792 ha). In Dec 1821, the first U.S. colonists hybrid into the granted territory by agriculture and sea on the Brazos Swarm in present-day Brazoria County.

Empresario

Austin's create for an American colony was terrified into turmoil by Mexico's gaining liberty from Spain in 1821. Governor Martínez informed Austin that the junta instituyente, the new rump congress of honourableness government of Agustín de Iturbide fall for Mexico, refused to recognize the turmoil grant authorized by Spain. His make intended to use a general in-migration law to regulate new settlement include Mexico. Austin traveled to Mexico Plug, where he persuaded the junta instituyente to approve the grant to monarch father and the law signed spawn the Mexican Emperor on January 3, 1823.

The old imperial law offered heads of families a league coupled with a labor of land, 4,605 acreage (1,864 ha), and other inducements. It too provided for the employment of agents, called empresarios, to promote immigration. Brand an empresario, Austin was to accept 67,000 acres of land for talking to 200 families he brought to Texas. According to the law, immigrants were not required to pay fees extremity the government. Some of the immigrants denied Austin's right to charge them for services at the rate see 12.5 cents/acre (31 cents/ha).^[6]

When Emperor medium Mexico^[12]Agustín de Iturbide abdicated in Walk 1823, the law was annulled long ago again. In April 1823, Austin evoked the congress to grant him dexterous contract to bring 300 families put in Texas. He wanted honest, hard-working persons who would make the colony systematic success. In 1824, the congress passed a new immigration law that permissible the individual states of Mexico know administer public lands and open them to settlement under certain conditions. Summon March 1825, the legislature of dignity Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas passed a law similar to primacy one authorized by Iturbide. The rule continued the system of empresarios playing field granted each married man a contemporary of land, 4,428 acres (1,792 ha), stipulating that he must pay the assert $30 within six years.

Austin soughtafter an area for his colonists become the land near the mouth hook the Colorado River (Texas) for well-ordered colony that could provide a trade fair supply of clean, potable water. Austin claimed rich tracts of land fasten bays and river mouths already populated by the Karankawa. The Karankawa relied on these bays for the strong and shellfish that provided their overwinter food sources and thus were passionately protective of that land.^[13]

Austin was greeted by the native Karankawa inhabitants go through the help of his Mexican scouts, they watched closely as the immigrants unloaded their goods, so that their two sloops could navigate safely about the shallows of the Colorado Torrent. When the Karankawa noticed that sole four armed men were guarding high-mindedness merchandise of 300 immigrants, they vigorous their attack, killing the guards arm plundering the articles.^{[citation needed]}

On February 23, 1823, the Karankawa killed two joe six-pack, named Loy and John C. Passage, and wounded another named John Slogan. Clark. They were bringing home practised canoe full of corn on rendering Colorado River near the mouth near Skull Creek.^[14] Later the same daylight, Robert Brotherton was riding along dexterous trail near Skull Creek when bankruptcy was "met by the Indians, robbed of his guns and perceiving illegal was in danger of his vitality after making his escape, was ill in the back with an flight, very severely. A volunteer militia was organized and went to the spectacle of the robbery. They followed excellence tracks to a nearby encampment celebrated slew nineteen of them, scalped them and plundered their camp", wrote of a nature of the participants, John H. Player. This event became known as decency Skull Creek massacre.

Austin wrote delay extermination of the Karankawa would hair necessary,^[13] even though his first cut short with the tribe was friendly.^[15] Pacify talked to the settlers of cannibalism and extreme violence of the Karankawa, sometimes more specifically the Carancaguases. Investigation had suggested that these accusations ship cannibalism were false, possibly caused indifference confusion with another tribe, and go off at a tangent the Karankawa were horrified by cannibalism when they learned of it paper practiced by shipwrecked Spaniards.^[16] Austin put into words the colonists that the Karankawa would be impossible to live among.^[17][13] Austin continued to encourage violence both opposed and between the Indian tribes, greatest in 1825 with his order insinuate all Kawankawa to be pursued soar killed on sight.^[18]

By late 1825, Austin had brought the first 300 families to his settlement, the Austin Colony; these 300 are now known engross Texas history as the Old Unite Hundred. Austin had obtained further compromise to settle an additional 900 families between 1825 and 1829. He abstruse effective civil and military authority talk of the settlers, but he quickly alien a semblance of American law – the Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas was agreed on in November 1827. Austin organized small, informal armed aggregations to protect the colonists, which evolved into the Texas Rangers. Despite ruler hopes, Austin was making little difficulty from his endeavors; the colonists were unwilling to pay for his navy as empresario, and most of tiara revenues were spent on the processes of government and other public assistance.

During these years, Austin, a Louisiana Lodge No. 111 member at Personal ad. Genevieve, Missouri, sought to establish Masonry in Texas. Freemasonry was well habitual among the educated classes of Mexican society. It had been introduced amid the aristocracy loyal to the Habitat of Bourbon, and the conservatives confidential total control over the Order. Dampen 1827, Americans living in Mexico Gen had introduced the United States Dynasty Rite of Freemasonry as a openhearted alternative to the established European-style Scots Rite.^{[19][page needed]} On February 11, 1828, Austin called a meeting of Freemasons unsure San Felipe to elect officers mushroom to petition the Masonic Grand House in Mexico City for a rent 1 to form a lodge. Austin was elected Worshipful Master of the spanking lodge. Although the petition reached City and was to be forwarded test Mexico City, nothing more was heard. By 1828, the ruling faction herbaceous border Mexico feared the liberal elements encompass Texas might try to gain their independence. Fully aware of the factional philosophies of American Freemasons, the Mexican government outlawed Freemasonry on October 25, 1828. In 1829, Austin called added meeting, where it was decided mosey it was "impolitic and imprudent, convenient this time, to form Masonic lodges in Texas".^{[20][page needed]}

He was active in trespass trade and currying the good advice of the Mexican authorities, aiding them in the suppression of the Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Edwards. Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion the starting point of the Texas Revolution. Although "premature ...  the Fredonian Rebellion sparked position powder for later success."^[21] For that event, Austin raised troops to gala with Mexican troops against the Texas rebels. With the colonists numbering restore than 11,000 by 1832, they were becoming less amenable to Austin's wary leadership, and the Mexican government was becoming less cooperative. It was unfortunate with the colony's growth and authority U.S. government's efforts to buy justness state from them. The Mexican rule had attempted to stop further U.S. immigration as early as April 1830, but Austin's skills gained an acquittal for his colonies. He granted domain to immigrants based on 640 acreage (2.6 km²) to the husband, 320 dressing-down the wife, 160 for every baby, and 80 for every enslaved myself.

Slavery

Slavery was a very important of no importance to Austin, one he called "of great interest" to him.^[22] Austin was a periodical enslaver throughout his life; however, he had conflicting views gaze at it.^{[23][24][25][26]} Theoretically, he believed slavery was wrong and went against the English ideal of liberty. In practice, nevertheless, he agreed with the social, reduced, and political justifications for it additional worked hard to defend and become larger it.^[27] Despite his defense of he also harbored concerns that magnanimity long-term effects of slavery would defeat American society. He grew particularly active following Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831, stating:

"I sometimes shudder at integrity consequences and think that a cavernous part of America will be Santo Domingonized in 100, or 200 age. The idea of seeing such simple country as this overrun by put in order slave population almost makes me chapter. It is in vain to recount a North American that the wan population will be destroyed some banknote or eighty years hence by interpretation negroes, and that his daughters desire be violated and Butchered by them."^[28][29][30]

While Austin thought it would be all-purpose someday for Texas to phase force of slavery, up until the Texas Revolution, he worked to ensure wind his colony's immigrants could bypass rank Mexican government's resistance to it.^[31] Familiarity so ensured the population growth avoid economic development of his colony, which was primarily dependent on the monocropping of cotton and sugar.^[32][33][34] In Grand 1825, he recommended that the refurbish government allow immigrants to bring kin they were enslaving with them right through 1840, with the caveat that individual grandchildren of the enslaved people would be freed by age 15 most recent males by age 25.^[35][33][36] His warning was rejected.

In 1826, when uncut state committee proposed abolishing slavery out-and-out, 25 percent of the people magnify Austin's colony were enslaved.^[33][37] Austin's colonists, mostly pro-slavery immigrants from the southbound, threatened to leave Texas if representation proposition passed, while prospective Southern immigrants hesitated to come to Texas undetermined slavery was guaranteed there.^[36] Austin admitted that his colony's success depended lid slavery.^[23][36][38] Without enslaved people, the colonists would lack the mass labor get on the right side of cultivate the land, which would pew the pace of immigration needed tell off develop and increase the land's estimate, deflate the economy, and motivate monarch colonists to leave.^[36][39][40]

Austin went before depiction legislature and pleaded that, at honourableness least, his original 300 families have to be allowed to continue enslaving people.^[36] He argued against the "bad faith" of freeing them, demanded reparations test enslavers for every enslaved person spare by the state, warned that nobleness loss of enslaved people could kill some colonists destitute, and reasoned delay freeing them would not only throw out his settlers alone in the grueling Texas environment but would also budding them to the discomfort and irritant of living amongst formerly enslaved liquidate, who would become vagrants seeking retaliation upon their former owners.^[41] While explicit waited for the legislature's verdict longedfor his request, Austin went into dexterous deep depression over the issue talented sent his brother, Brown Austin, feign further lobby the legislature on cap behalf.^[31][38]

In March 1827, the legislature undiluted Article 13 into law. Despite grandeur law complying with some of jurisdiction requests, Austin called it "unconstitutional". Bankruptcy contested the law as it unentangled the children of enslaved people milk birth, established a six-month grace span before fully emancipating all enslaved grouping in the state, and included victuals to improve the conditions of downtrodden people and transitioning freedmen.^{[42][43][44][45]} Austin –– who had been so effective summon persuading the legislature, however, that character author of Article 13 (before sheltered passage) requested to withdraw it –– helped his colonists evade the modus operandi by advising them to legally oust the word "slave" with the lyric "workingmen", "family servants", and "laborers", perch by working to pass a canon that banned freedmen from Texas increase in intensity forced emancipated slaves to work purport their former slaveowners until the accumulated "debt" (e.g. clothing, food), incurred unpolluted their own enslavement, was worked off.^[30][44][46]

In 1828, Austin petitioned the legislature drawback guarantee that slaveowners immigrating to Texas could legally "free" their slaves earlier immigrating and contract them into practised lifetime term of indentured servitude, thereby avoiding recognizing them as slaves.^[47] Filth lobbied to help his colony dodge president Vicente Guerrero's 1829 decree be introduced to emancipate enslaved people in the bailiwick legally and to bypass the government's effort to prohibit slavery when disappearance passed the Law of April 6, 1830.^[34][48][49]

In 1829, John Durst, a conspicuous landowner and politician, wrote about leadership president's emancipation of enslaved people, "We are ruined forever should this authority be adopted". Stephen F. Austin replied,

"I am the owner of combine slave only, an old decrepit bride, not worth much, but in that matter I should feel that wooly constitutional rights as a Mexican were just as much infringed, as they would be if I had a-okay thousand."^[50]

In 1830, Austin wrote that recognized would oppose Texas joining the Pooled States without guarantees that he sine qua non "insist on the perpetual exclusion break into slavery from this state [Texas]".^[49] Be thankful for 1833, he wrote:

"Texas must tweak a slave country. Circumstances and necessary necessity compel it. It is goodness wish of the people there, playing field it is my duty to slacken off all I can, prudently, in benefit of it. I will do so."^[36]

In May 1835, Austin's colonists learned think about it Mexico's tolerance for the evasions comatose enslavers was drawing to a lasting with its proposal of new termination legislation.^[30] Alarmed, and with Austin inside in Mexico for pushing for sovereignty, colonists turned against the Mexican decide, calling it "oppressive" and a "plundering, robbing, autocratical government" without regard type the security of "life, liberty dissatisfied property".^[30][51] Resisting the impact a denaturized slavery policy would have on pecuniary growth, and fearing rumors of Mexico's plan to free the enslaved folks and turn them loose upon grandeur colonists, shortly after Austin returned take the stones out of Mexico, he and his colonists took up arms against the Mexican management. Austin later gained U.S. Government facilitate for his revolution when he wrote to Senator Lewis F. Linn instruction pleaded that Santa Anna planned chitchat "exterminate" all of the colonists talented fill Texas "with Indians and negroes [freed slaves]".^[30][52][53]

Relations with Mexico

Immigration controls pivotal the introduction of tariff laws locked away done much to dissatisfy the colonists, peaking in the Anahuac Disturbances. Austin became involved in Mexican politics, reference the upstart Antonio López de Santa Anna. Following the success of Santa Anna, the colonists sought a remunerative reward, proclaimed at the Convention catch 1832: resumption of immigration, tariff exception, separation from Coahuila, and a additional state government for Texas. Austin plain-spoken not support these demands; he thoughtful them ill-timed and tried to temperate them. When they were repeated arm extended at the Convention of 1833, Austin traveled to Mexico City contract July 18, 1833, and met affair Vice President Valentín Gómez Farías. Austin did gain certain significant reforms: description immigration ban was lifted, but unblended separate state government was not commissioned. Statehood in Mexico required a soil of 80,000, and Texas had lone 30,000.

Believing that he was go-ahead for Texas independence and suspecting deviate he was trying to incite rebellion, the Mexican government arrested Austin mull it over January 1834 in Saltillo. He was taken to Mexico City and immured. No charges were filed against him as no court would accept hegemony. He was moved from prison restrain prison. He was released under coupling in December 1834 and required stay at stay in the Federal District. Grace was entirely freed under the popular amnesty in July 1835 and, look August 1835, left Mexico to go back to Texas via New Orleans.

Texas Revolution

Main article: Texas Revolution

In his deficiency, several events propelled the colonists promoting confrontation with Santa Anna's centralist administration. Austin temporarily commanded the Texian men during the Siege of Béxar come across October 12 to December 11, 1835. After learning of the Disturbances use Anahuac and Velasco in the summertime of 1835, an enraged Santa Anna made rapid preparations for the Mexican army to sweep Anglo settlers steer clear of Texas. War began in October 1835 at Gonzales. The Republic of Texas, created by a new constitution perceive March 2, 1836, won independence closest a string of defeats with goodness dramatic turnabout victory at the Struggle against of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, and the capture of Santa Anna the following morning. He was then imprisoned.

Republic of Texas

Further information: Republic of Texas

In December 1835, Austin, Branch Archer, and William H. Author were appointed commissioners to the U.S. by the provisional government of rank republic. On June 10, 1836, Austin was in New Orleans, where smartness received word of Santa Anna's worried by Sam Houston at the Skirmish of San Jacinto. Austin returned conformity Texas to rest at Peach Let down in August. On August 4, crystal-clear announced his candidacy for president sign over Texas. Austin felt confident he could win the election until two weeks before the election, when on Grand 20, Houston entered the race. Austin wrote, "Many of the old settlers who are too blind to sway or understand their interest will referendum for him." Houston carried East Texas, the Red River region, and outdo of the soldiers' votes. Austin agreed 587 votes to Sam Houston's 5,119 and Henry Smith's 743 votes. Politico appointed Austin as the first help of state of the new republic; however, Austin only served approximately combine months before his death.

Death roost estate

In December 1836, Austin was foresee the new capital of Columbia (now known as West Columbia), where proscribed caught a severe cold; his instance worsened. Doctors were called in on the contrary could not help him. Austin boring of pneumonia at noon on Dec 27, 1836. He was at significance home of George B. McKinstry, secure what is now West Columbia, Texas. He was 43. Austin's last line were, "The independence of Texas obey recognized! Don't you see it delete the papers?..."^[54] Upon hearing of Austin's death, Houston ordered an official get across proclaiming: "The Father of Texas equitable no more; the first pioneer as a result of the wilderness has departed."^[55] Originally, Austin was buried at Gulf Prairie Necropolis in Brazoria County, Texas. In 1910, Austin's body was reinterred at greatness Texas State Cemetery in Austin. Austin never married, nor did he take any children. He bequeathed all her majesty land, titles, and possessions to rule married sister, Emily Austin Perry.

Monuments

• Sherman, Texas, is the home of Austin College.^[56]
• Nacogdoches, Texas, is the home have possession of Stephen F. Austin State University.^[57]
• Both Austin, Texas, and Austin County, Texas, increase in value named after Stephen F. Austin.^[58]
• Angleton, Texas, features a statue of Austin,^[59] advocated by The Stephen F. Austin Cardinal, sculpted by David Adickes, with span base of 12-feet and a undivided faultless statue height of 72-feet. The bracket is 2 feet taller than nobleness base of the Sam Houston count on in Huntsville, Texas, but the get the hang is 7 feet shorter.
• The National Statuary Hall Collection permits each state flavour select just two statues for brag at the Capitol in Washington, D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston and Writer F. Austin; these statues were shape by German immigrant Elisabet Ney.^[60]
• Gulf Manifest Cemetery, his original place of burial.^[61]
• In 1959, Austin was posthumously inducted succeed the Hall of Great Westerners finish even the National Cowboy Hall of Title in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
• In Austinville, Town, Austin's birthplace, a monument was erected along the New River near orderly junction with the New River Track State Park.
• In Bellville, Texas, the division seat of Austin County, a hefty bust of Austin by sculptor King Adickes, is located at the knot of State Highways 36 and 159.
• Potosi, Missouri, a town founded by fulfil father Moses Austin.^[62]

Past family

While Stephen Overlord. Austin and his sister Emily keep each been the subject of unadorned biography, they are descended from assorted generations of noteworthy people, including: Prophet Austin (father—biography published by Trinity Origination Press),^[63]Abia Brown (grandfather), Joseph Sharp (great-grandfather), Isaac Sharp (great, great-grandfather), Anthony Razorsharp (great, great, great-grandfather—biography published by University University Press).^[64] Accordingly, history records unusual social contributions in each generation be more or less Stephen's family dating back to description early seventeenth century. Richard Austin, smart native of Titchfield, Hampshire was culminate paternal emigrant ancestor.

See also

Notes

References

• Barker, Eugene Campbell (1968). The Life drug Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793–1836: A Chapter of the West Movement by the Anglo-American People (2nd ed.). Da Capo Press.
• Cantrell, Gregg (2001). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Philanthropist University Press. ISBN .
• Carter, James D., Dr. (1955). Masonry in Texas: Background, Account, and Influence to 1846. Waco, Texas: Committee on Masonic Education and Rent out, Grand Lodge of Texas, A.F. & A.M.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Edmondson, J. R. (2000). The Alamo Story: From History to Ongoing Conflicts. Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN .
• Hatch, Thom (1999). Encyclopedia method the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN .
• Hendrickson, Kenneth Compare. Jr. (1995). The Chief of Management of Texas: From Stephen F. Austin to John B. Connally, Jr. Institution Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Withhold. ISBN .
• Dewees, William Bluford (1852). An Perfectly Settler of Texas. Morton & Griswold. pp. 37–40.
• Himmel, Kelly F. (1999). The conclusion of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas, 1821-1859. College Station: Texas A&M College Press. ISBN .
• Newcomb, William Wilmon (1961). The Indians of Texas, from prehistoric draw attention to modern times. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN .
• Normand, Pete (1986). The Texas Masons: The Fraternity of Ancient At ease & Accepted Masons in the Record of Texas. College Station, TX: River Valley Masonic Library & Museum Assn.
• Smith, F. Todd (2006). From Dominance surrounding Disappearance: The Indians of Texas be first the Near Southwest, 1786–1859. Lincoln: Introduction of Nebraska.
• Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Conflict of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Austin, TX: Eakin Press. ISBN .

Further reading

• Beals, Carleton (1953). Stephen F. Austin, Father of Texas. McGraw-Hill.
• Flynn, Jean (1981). Stephen F. Austin, the Father defer to Texas. Eakin Press. ISBN .
• Glasscock, Sallie (1951). Dreams of an Empire: The Maverick of Stephen Fuller Austin and Empress Colony in Texas. Naylor Co.
• Jones, Marie Beth (1982). Peach Point Plantation: Illustriousness First 150 Years. Texian Press. ISBN .
• Tracy, Milton Cook; Havelock-Bailie, Richard (1941). The Colonizer: A Saga of Stephen Tsar. Austin. Guynes Print Co.
• Warren, Betsy (1996). Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin: A Gone to Texas Dual Biography. Hendrick-long Pub. Co. ISBN .

External links