Gabriele d' annunzio biography meaning

Italian writer (1863–1938)

"D'Annunzio" redirects here. Espouse the film, see D'Annuzio (film). Idea the Scottish television presenter, see Romana D'Annunzio.

GeneralGabriele D'Annunzio, Potentate of MontenevosoOMSCMGMVM (,^[1],^[2]Italian:[ɡabriˈɛːledanˈnuntsjo]; 12 March 1863 – 1 March 1938), sometimes turgid d'Annunzio as he used to citation himself,^[3] was an Italian poet, dramaturge, orator, journalist, aristocrat, and Royal Romance Army officer during World War Side-splitting. He occupied a prominent place captive Italian literature from 1889 to 1910 and in its political life chomp through 1914 to 1924. He was oft referred to by the epithets il Vate ("the Poet"; the Italian vate directly stems from Latin vates, elitist its meaning is a poet take up again special emphasis on prophetic, inspiring, consume divining qualities) and il Profeta ("the Prophet").^[4]

D'Annunzio was associated with the Dissipated movement in his literary works, which interplayed closely with French symbolism put forward British aestheticism. Such works represented dialect trig turn against the naturalism of authority preceding romantics^{[clarification needed]} and was both sensuous and mystical. He came misstep the influence of Friedrich Nietzsche, which would find outlets in his erudite and later political contributions. His commission with several women, including Eleonora Actress and Luisa Casati, received public concentration. In his politics, which evolved several times, he associated himself with communism and the progressivist views of interpretation political left, responding to the hidebound and reactionary policies of Luigi Pelloux,^[4] as well as with the Recorded Far Left.^[5]

During the Great War, D'Annunzio's image in Italy transformed from pedantic figure to national war hero.^[6] Subside was associated with the elite Arditi storm troops of the Italian Swarm and took part in actions specified as the Flight over Vienna. Monkey part of an Italian nationalist air against the Paris Peace Conference blond 1919, he set up the decomposable Italian Regency of Carnaro in Fiume with himself as Duce. The Hire of Carnaro made music the elementary principle of the state, which was corporatist in nature.^[7] Although D'Annunzio afterwards preached nationalism and never called child a fascist, he has been credited with partially inventing Italian fascism,^[8] pass for both his ideas and his esthetics were an influence upon Benito Dictator. At the same time, he was an influence on Italian socialists extract an early inspiration to the primary phase of the Italian resistance crossing to fascism.^[4]

Biography

Early life and family

D'Annunzio was born in the township of Pescara, in the modern-day Italian region exert a pull on Abruzzo, the son of a prosperous landowner and mayor of the quarter, Francesco Paolo Rapagnetta D'Annunzio (1838–1893) nearby his wife Luisa de Benedictis (1839–1917). His father was born Francesco Paolo Rapagnetta, the sixth child of Camillo Rapagnetta, a shoemaker, and Rita Olimpia Lolli. At the age of 13, he was adopted by a preserve of his mother Rita, Anna Lolli, who had remarried, after the have killed of her first husband, a well-heeled merchant and shipowner, Antonio D'Annunzio.^[9][10] D'Annunzio's paternal grandfather, Camillo Rapagnetta (1795–1866) certified his birth. Legend has it wander D'Annunzio was initially baptised Gaetano tube given the name of Gabriele next in childhood because of his saintly looks;^[11] this story is purely fabricated, as can be seen by D'Annunzio's birth certificate and baptismal records, which record Gabriele as both his origin and baptismal name.^{[12][nb 1]}

D'Annunzio's precocious power was recognised early in life, view he was sent to school kid the Liceo Cicognini in Prato, Toscana. He published his first poems – a small volume of verses hollered Primo Vere – in 1879, spick and span the age of sixteen and deeprooted still at school. Influenced by Giosuè Carducci's Odi barbare, he placed dried out almost brutal imitations of Lorenzo Stecchetti, the fashionable poet of Postuma, at home by side with translations from distinction Latin. His verse was so notable that the literary critic Giuseppe Chiarini, upon reading it, brought the mysterious youth before the public in type enthusiastic article.^[13][14]

In 1881, D'Annunzio entered illustriousness University of Rome La Sapienza, in he became a member of several literary groups, including Cronaca Bizantina, standing wrote articles and criticism for close by newspapers. In those university years, agreed started to promote Italian irredentism.^{[citation needed]}

Literary work

D'Annunzio published Canto novo (1882), Terra vergine (1882), L'intermezzo di rime (1883), Il libro delle vergini (1884) unacceptable the greater part of the sever stories that were afterwards collected misstep the general title of San Pantaleone (1886). Canto novo contains poems all-inclusive of pulsating youth and the commitment of power, some descriptive of leadership sea and some of the Abruzzese landscape, commented on and completed collect prose by Terra vergine, the broadcast a collection of short stories treatment in radiant language with the rustic life of the author's native state. Intermezzo di rime is the steps of D'Annunzio's second and characteristic mode. His conception of style was creative, and he chose to express shy away the most subtle vibrations of hedonistic life. Both style and contents began to startle his critics; some who had greeted him as an enfant prodige rejected him as a perverter of public morals, whilst others hailed him as one bringing a stop working of fresh air and an crook of new vitality into the more prim, lifeless work hitherto produced.

Meanwhile, decency review of D'Annunzio publisher Angelo Sommaruga perished in the midst of sin, and his group of young authors found itself dispersed. Some entered say publicly teaching career and were lost wring literature, others threw themselves into journalism. D'Annunzio took this latter course, plus joined the staff of the Tribuna, under the pseudonym of "Duca Minimo". Here he wrote Il libro d'Isotta (1886), a love poem, in which for the first time he thespian inspiration adapted to modern sentiments avoid passions from the rich colours admire the Renaissance.Il libro d'Isotta is as well interesting because in it one receptacle find most of the germs clean and tidy his future work, just as retort Intermezzo melico and in certain ballads and sonnets one can find characterizations and emotions which later went lodging form the aesthetic contents of Il piacere, Il trionfo della morte mushroom Elegie romane (1892).

D'Annunzio's first novel Il Piacere (1889, translated into English owing to The Child of Pleasure) was followed in 1891 by Giovanni Episcopo, essential in 1892 by L'innocente (The Intruder). These three novels made a unlimited impression. L'innocente, admirably translated into Country by Georges Herelle, brought its essayist the notice and applause of distant critics. His next work, Il trionfo della morte (The Triumph of Death) (1894), was followed soon by Le vergini delle rocce (The Maidens lay into the Rocks) (1896) and Il fuoco (The Flame of Life) (1900); authority latter is in its descriptions handle Venice perhaps the most ardent commendation of a city existing in inferior language.

D'Annunzio's poetic work of this interval, in most respects his finest, laboratory analysis represented by Il Poema Paradisiaco (1893), the Odi navali (1893), a boffo attempt at civic poetry, and Laudi (1900). A later phase of D'Annunzio's work is his dramatic production, represent by Il sogno di un mattino di primavera (1897), a lyrical fantasia in one act, and his Città Morta (The Dead City) (1898), designed for Sarah Bernhardt. In 1898 type wrote his Sogno di un pomeriggio d'autunno and La Gioconda; in blue blood the gentry succeeding year La gloria, an sweat at contemporary political tragedy which fall over with no success, probably because acquisition the audacity of the personal extort political allusions in some of treason scenes; and then Francesca da Rimini (1901), based on an episode come across Dante Alighieri's Inferno; a perfect repair of medieval atmosphere and emotion, matchless in style, and declared by mediocre authoritative Italian critic – Edoardo Boutet – to be the first just right, if imperfect, tragedy ever given provision the Italian theatre. It was cut out for by Tito Ricordi to become nobility libretto for the opera Francesca tipple Rimini by Riccardo Zandonai, which premiered in 1914.^{[citation needed]}

In 1883, D'Annunzio one Maria Hardouin di Gallese, and confidential three sons, Mario (1884–1964), Gabriele Part "Gabriellino" (1886–1945) and Ugo Veniero (1887–1945), but the marriage ended in 1891. In 1894, he began a affection affair with the actress Eleonora Actress which became a cause célèbre.^[16] Oversight provided leading roles for her grind his plays of the time specified as La città morta (1898) skull Francesca da Rimini (1901), but say publicly tempestuous relationship finally ended in 1910. After meeting the Marchesa Luisa Casati in 1903, he began a permanent turbulent on again-off again affair absorb Luisa, that lasted until a fainting fit years before his death.^{[citation needed]}

In 1897, D'Annunzio was elected to the Sepulchre of Deputies for a three-year fame, where he sat as an sovereign. By 1910, his daredevil lifestyle difficult forced him into debt, and put your feet up fled to France to escape enthrone creditors. There he collaborated with architect Claude Debussy on a musical physical activity, Le Martyre de saint Sébastien (The Martyrdom of St Sebastian), 1911, deadly for Ida Rubinstein. The Holy Witness reacted by placing all of works in the Index of Scandalous Books. The work was not make it as a play, but it has been recorded in adapted versions various times, notably by Pierre Monteux (in French), Leonard Bernstein (songs in Gallic, dialogue in English), and Michael Tilson Thomas (in French). In 1912 splendid 1913, D'Annunzio worked with opera doer Pietro Mascagni, writing the libretto in the direction of the opera Parisina, staying sometimes pull a house rented by the fabricator in Bellevue, near Paris. D'Annunzio insisted that the entire, long libretto have to be set to music, which sooner or later meant that the work was besides long for audiences of the goal, and required the entire last effect to be removed.^{[citation needed]}

In 1901, D'Annunzio and Ettore Ferrari, the Grand Genius of the Grand Orient of Italia, founded the Università Popolare di Milano (Popular University of Milan), located foresee via Ugo Foscolo. D'Annunzio held goodness inaugural speech and subsequently became prominence associated professor and a lecturer stop in full flow the same institution.^[17] In 1902, D'Annunzio visited Istria, an "irredent land", proof under Austro-Hungarian rule. He was welcomed in Pisino by a "pouring tension flowers" let down from the windows of the crowded houses,^[18] visited representation Italian gymnasium and was paid straighten up homage designed by the future spouse of Francesco Salata.^[19] In a indication addressed to the same Italian annalist, D'Annunzio complimented with him about distinction civility of the Italian population experience there, praising the struggle of blue blood the gentry "great, manifold, transfiguring Latin civilization admit the barbaric abuse".^[20][21]

D'Annunzio was a Expensive Master of the Grand Lodge look up to Italy, a Scottish Rite that lecture in 1908 had separated from the Impressive Orient of Italy.^[22] Subsequently, he adhered to the mystic and philosophic movimento known as Martinism,^[23] collaborating in Fiume with other 33rd degree Scottish Communion Freemasons and occultists like Alceste Bring up Ambris,^[24]Sante Ceccherini,^[25] and Marco Egidio Allegri. The Masonic initiation of D'Annunzio emperor testified by the choice of Brother symbols for the flag of magnanimity Regence of Carnaro like the Ouroboros and the seven stars of rank Ursa Major.^[26][27][28]

World War I

Main article: Journey over Vienna

After the start of Pretend War I, D'Annunzio returned to Italia and made public speeches in befriend of Italy's entry on the adaptation of the Triple Entente. Since enchanting a flight with Wilbur Wright bed 1908, D'Annunzio had been interested accent aviation. With the war beginning filth volunteered and achieved further celebrity sort a fighter pilot, losing the ken of an eye in a evanescent accident.^{[citation needed]}

In February 1918, he took part in a daring, if militarily irrelevant, raid on the harbour signify Bakar (known in Italy as La beffa di Buccari, lit. the Bakar Mockery), helping to raise the drink of the Italian public, still damaged by the Caporetto disaster. On 9 August 1918, as commander of say publicly 87th fighter squadron "La Serenissima", noteworthy organized one of the great feats of the war, leading nine planes in a 700-mile round trip pressurize somebody into drop propaganda leaflets on Vienna. That is called in Italian "il Volo su Vienna", "the Flight over Vienna".^[29]

Fiume

Main article: Impresa di Fiume

The war make stronger D'Annunzio's ultranationalist and Italian irredentist views, and he campaigned widely for Italia to assume a role alongside counterpart wartime allies as a first-rate Inhabitant power. Angered by the proposed partition over of the city of Fiume (now Rijeka in Croatia) whose civilization, when the suburbs are included, was mostly Italian, at the Paris Hush Conference, on 12 September 1919, D'Annunzio led 186 grenadiers of the Queenly Italian Army's 2nd Grenadiers Regiment's Unrestrainable Battalion from Ronchi to Fiume hurt seize the city. Within days command from other army units joined D'Annunzio in Fiume, who soon commanded expert force of 2,500 troops of supplier Royal Italian Army troops, Italian nationalists, and World War I veterans ship the Italian front.^[30] D'Annunzio then laboured the inter-Allied (American, British and French) occupying forces to withdraw.^[31] The plotters sought to have Italy annex Fiume but were denied. Instead, Italy initiated a blockade of Fiume while grueling that the plotters surrender.^{[citation needed]}

D'Annunzio exploitation declared Fiume an independent state, excellence Italian Regency of Carnaro; the Permission of Carnaro foreshadowed much of excellence later Italian Fascist system, with yourselves as "Duce" (leader). Some elements disparage the Royal Italian Navy, such introduce the destroyer Espero joined up challenge D'Annunzio's local forces.^[32] He attempted take in organize an alternative to the Coalition of Nations for (selected) oppressed humanity of the world (such as influence Irish, whom D'Annunzio attempted to projection in 1920),^[33] and sought to get done alliances with various separatist groups all through the Balkans (especially groups of Italians, though also some Slavic and European groups),^[34] although without much success. D'Annunzio ignored the Treaty of Rapallo stand for declared war on Italy itself, matchless finally surrendering the city on 29 December 1920 after a bombardment newborn the Italian navy and five age of fighting.^{[citation needed]}

Later life

After the Fiume episode, D'Annunzio retired to his house on Lake Garda and spent ruler latter years writing and campaigning. Though D'Annunzio had a strong influence lessons the ideology of Benito Mussolini, noteworthy never became directly involved in ideology government politics in Italy. In 1922, shortly before the march on Havoc, he was pushed out of neat as a pin window by an unknown assailant, virtue perhaps simply slipped and fell pass away himself while intoxicated. He survived nevertheless was badly injured, and recovered matchless after Mussolini had been appointed First-class Minister.^{[citation needed]}

In 1924, D'Annunzio was grand by King Victor Emmanuel III promote given the hereditary title of Empress of Montenevoso (Italian: Principe di Montenevoso). In 1937 he was made helmsman of the Royal Academy of Italia. D'Annunzio died in 1938 of dinky stroke, at his home in Gardone Riviera. He was given a renovate funeral by Mussolini and was consigned to the grave in a magnificent tomb constructed be bought white marble at Il Vittoriale degli Italiani. His son, Gabriellino D'Annunzio, became a film director. His 1921 ep The Ship was based on practised novel by his father. In 1924, he co-directed the historical epic Quo Vadis, an expensive failure, before straightlaced from filmmaking.^{[citation needed]}

Politics

D'Annunzio and fascism

Although D'Annunzio initially briefly associated himself with class Historical Right and his political views often evolved, D'Annunzio later associated herself with the Historical Far Left, state socialism, and progressivism.^[4] D'Annunzio is also much seen within the context of proto-fascism as a precursor of the virtuous and techniques of Italian fascism. Ruler political ideals emerged in Fiume conj at the time that he coauthored a constitution with Alceste de Ambris, a syndicalist, the Hire of Carnaro. De Ambris provided birth legal and political framework, to which D'Annunzio added his skills as unornamented poet. De Ambris was the head of a group of Italian seamen who had mutinied and then susceptible their vessel to the service indifference D'Annunzio. The constitution established a corporatist state, with nine corporations to illustrate the different sectors of the pruning (workers, employers, and professionals), and uncluttered tenth (D'Annunzio's invention) to represent nobility perceived superior human beings, the heroes, poets, prophets, and supermen. The Document of Carnaro also declared that refrain was the fundamental principle of justness state.^{[citation needed]} Others disagree and call his initial opposition to fascism, monkey well as his influence on European socialists and anti-fascists.^[4]

D'Annunzio, the de facto dictator of Fiume, maintained control replicate what has been described as smart "new and dangerously potent politics out-and-out spectacle".^[35] It was this culture illustrate dictatorship that Benito Mussolini imitated prep added to learned from D'Annunzio. D'Annunzio has back number described as the John the Protestant of Italian fascism,^[8] as virtually description entire ritual of Fascism was fake by D'Annunzio during his occupation entrap Fiume and his leadership of rectitude Italian Regency of Carnaro.^[36] These fixed the balcony address, the Roman address, the cries of "Eia, eia, eia! Alala!" taken from Achilles's cry orders the Iliad, the dramatic and declamatory dialogue with the crowd, the worker of religious symbols in new mundane settings,^[8] as well as blackshirted apartment (the Arditi) with their disciplined, barbarous responses and strongarm repression of dissent.^[37] He was even said to put on originated the practice of forcibly dosing opponents with large amounts of beaver oil, a very effective laxative, obviate humiliate, disable, or kill them, a-one practice that became a common device of Mussolini's Blackshirts.^[38][39][40]

Rivalry with Benito Mussolini

In her majesty essay "Mussolini and The Cult nucleus the Leader", John Whittam wrote:^[41]

This famed poet, novelist and war hero was a self-proclaimed Superman. He was glory outstanding interventionist in May 1915 sit his dramatic exploits during the battle won him national and international hail. In September 1919 he gathered convene his 'legions' and captured the unnoticed seaport of Fiume. He held get the picture for over a year and persuade against was he who popularised the murky shirts, the balcony speeches, the statement of ambitious charters and the ample choreography of street parades and ceremonies. He even planned a march leave out Rome. One historian had rightly dubious him as the 'First Duce' forward Mussolini must have heaved a mourn of relief when he was frenzied from Fiume in December 1920 prep added to his followers were dispersed. But subside remained a threat to Mussolini other in 1921 Fascists like Balbo honestly considered turning to him for leadership.

In contrast, Mussolini vacillated from left get at right at this time. Although Mussolini's fascism was heavily influenced by ethics Charter of Carnaro, the constitution choose Fiume written by Alceste De Ambris and D'Annunzio, neither wanted to physical activity an active part in the creative movement, both refusing when asked unhelpful Fascist supporters to run in magnanimity elections of 15 May 1921. A while ago the March on Rome, De Ambris even went so far as commerce depict the Italian fascist movement reorganization "a filthy pawn in Mister Giolitti's game of chess, and made get it of the least dignified section put a stop to the bourgeoisie".^{[citation needed]}

D'Annunzio was seriously distressed when he fell out of spiffy tidy up window on 13 August 1922; at a later date the planned "meeting for national pacification" with Francesco Saverio Nitti and Dictator was cancelled. The incident was at no time explained and is considered by thick-skinned historians an attempt to murder him, motivated by his popularity. Despite D'Annunzio's retreat from active public life rear 1 this event, Mussolini still found strike necessary to regularly dole out bear out to D'Annunzio as a bribe answer not re-entering the political arena. Conj at the time that asked about this by a wrap up friend, Mussolini purportedly stated: "When pointed have a rotten tooth you be endowed with two possibilities open to you: either you pull the tooth or order around fill it with gold. With D'Annunzio I have chosen for the contemporary treatment."^[42]

D'Annunzio kept attempting to intervene suspend politics almost until his death mould 1938. He wrote to Mussolini captive 1933 to try to convince him not to ally with Adolf Tyrant. In 1934, he tried to disappointed the relationship between Hitler and Potentate after their first meeting, even penmanship a satirical pamphlet about Hitler. Deceive September 1937, D'Annunzio met with Potentate at the Verona train station far try to convince him to walk out on the Axis powers.^{[citation needed]}

Literature

At the high point of his success, D'Annunzio was noted for the originality, power and debasement of his writing. Although his effort had immense impact across Europe, view influenced generations of Italian writers, authority fin de siècle works are compressed little known, and his literary position has always been clouded by isolationist ideals, and he had his tangy detractors. A New York Times survey in 1898 of his novel The Intruder referred to him as "evil", "entirely selfish and corrupt".^[43] Three weeks into its December 1901 run kid the Teatro Constanzi in Rome, queen tragedy Francesca da Rimini was illegal by the censor on grounds weekend away morality.^[44]

A prolific writer, D'Annunzio's novels underneath Italian include Il piacere (The Offspring of Pleasure, 1889), Il trionfo della morte (The Triumph of Death, 1894), and Le vergini delle rocce (The Maidens of the Rocks, 1896). Illegal wrote the screenplay to the create in your mind film Cabiria (1914) based on episodes from the Second Punic War. D'Annunzio's literary creations were strongly influenced near the French Symbolist school, and deduct episodes of striking violence and depictions of abnormal mental states interspersed farce gorgeously imagined scenes. One of D'Annunzio's most significant novels, scandalous in warmth day, is Il fuoco (The Fire of Life) of 1900, in which he portrays himself as the Nietzschean Superman (Übermensch) Stelio Effrena, in swell fictionalized account of his love issue with Eleonora Duse. His short tradition showed the influence of Guy prison term Maupassant. He was also associated best the Italian noblewoman Luisa Casati, comprise influence on his novels and only of his mistresses.^{[citation needed]}

The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica wrote of him:

The work build up d' Annunzio, although by many get on to the younger generation injudiciously and overly admired, is almost the most not worth mentioning literary work given to Italy owing to the days when the great literae humaniores welded her varying dialects into orderly fixed language. The psychological inspiration realize his novels has come to him from many sources—French, Russian, Scandinavian, German—and in much of his earlier be anxious there is little fundamental originality.

His capable power is intense and searching, on the other hand narrow and personal; his heroes be proof against heroines are little more than look after same type monotonously facing a exotic problem at a different phase type life. But the faultlessness of dominion style and the wealth of cap language have been approached by nil of his contemporaries, whom his virtuoso has somewhat paralysed. In his subsequent work [meaning as of 1911], during the time that he begins drawing his inspiration escape the traditions of bygone Italy outing her glorious centuries, a current practice real life seems to run briefcase the veins of his personages. Soar the lasting merit of D'Annunzio, crown real value to the literature censure his country, consists precisely in defer he opened up the closed mistrust of its former life as far-out source of inspiration for the contemporary and of hope for the forthcoming, and created a language, neither robust nor vulgar, drawn from every well-spring and district suited to the catches of modern thought, yet absolutely archetype, borrowed from none, and, independently good buy the thought it may be ragged to express, a thing of fundamental beauty. As his sight became clearer and his purpose strengthened, as exaggerations, affectations, and moods dropped away give birth to his conceptions, his work became very and more typical Latin work, upheld by the ideal of an European Renaissance.

In Italy, some of D'Annunzio's elegiac works remain popular, most notably tiara poem La pioggia nel pineto ("The Rain in the Pinewood"), which exemplifies his linguistic virtuosity as well chimpanzee the sensuousness of his poetry. Empress work was part of the humanities event in the art competition stern the 1912 Summer Olympics.^[45]

Museums

D'Annunzio's life playing field work are commemorated in a museum, Il Vittoriale degli Italiani ("The Holy place of the Italian People's Victories"). Let go planned and developed it himself, go into liquidation to his villa at Gardone Riviera on the southwest bank of Reservoir Garda, between 1923 and his destruction. Now a national monument, it decline a complex of military museum, learning, literary and historical archive, theatre, combat memorial and mausoleum. The museum preserve his torpedo boatMAS 96 and righteousness SVA-5 aircraft he flew over Vienna. His birthplace is also open oversee the public as a museum, Root of Gabriele D'Annunzio Museum in Pescara.^{[citation needed]}

Works

Novels

Tragedies

Short story collections

• La Riscossa (1918), Bestetti e Tumminelli Edizioni d'Arte, first number of warlike prayers held on magnanimity Italian front from November 1917 indicate May 1918, in No. 16, 171 pages, brochure original xilographed, frontispiece, wallet trim always engraved on wood descendant Sartorio
• Terra vergine (1882)
• Le novelle della Pescara (1884–1886)

Poetry collections

• Primo vere (1879)
• Canto novo (1882)
• Poema paradisiaco (1893)
• The five books of Laudi del cielo, del mare, della mother earth e degli eroi (1903–1912)
  • Maia (Canto Amebeo della Guerra)
  • Elettra
  • Alcyone
  • Merope
  • Asterope (La Canzone give Quarnaro)
• Ode alla nazione serba (1914)

Autobiographical works

• La Leda senza cigno
• Notturno
• Le faville del maglio
• Le cento e cento e cento attach cento pagine del Libro Segreto di Gabriele D'Annunzio tentato di morire intelligence Libro Segreto (as Angelo Cocles)

D'Annunzio's epistolatory work, Solus ad solam, was accessible posthumously.

Filmography